7/12/2023 0 Comments Structure of heart download freeWhen using similar diagnostic criteria for female and male hearts, cardiac disease in women is frequently overlooked by routine exams, and it is diagnosed later and with more severe symptoms than in men. Our results suggest that the sex differences in cardiac form and function are too complex to be ignored: the female heart is not just a small version of the male heart. Critically, allometric scaling, e.g., by lean body mass, reduces but does not completely eliminate the sex differences between female and male hearts. It has a lower blood pressure but produces universally larger contractile strains. Our study finds that, compared to the male heart, the female heart has a larger ejection fraction and beats at a faster rate but generates a smaller cardiac output. Here, we systematically review and compare geometric, functional, and structural parameters of female and male hearts, both in the healthy population and in athletes. This has severe implications on a multitude of cardiac parameters. While it is widely recognized that the female heart is smaller than the male heart, it has long been ignored that it also has a different microstructural architecture. Recent studies suggest that this is caused, at least in part, by the lack of sex-specific diagnostic criteria. 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, NetherlandsĬardiovascular disease in women remains under-diagnosed and under-treated.2Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.Pierre 1, Mathias Peirlinck 1,2,3 and Ellen Kuhl 1 *
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